The environment, as the common heritage of humanity and the inalienable right of all generations, is under serious threats caused by the widespread destruction of protected areas. This destruction has not only disturbed the ecological balance and endangered the survival of the human race, but has also fueled the aggravation of social and economic inequalities and the violation of public rights. Effective protection of these areas is a necessary prerequisite for achieving sustainable development and dealing with climate change and protecting the rights of all. By adopting an innovative approach and based on judicial and field investigations, this research has analyzed the challenges of implementing Article 690 of the Islamic Penal Code. The findings of this research indicate that the disproportion of punishments with environmental crimes, the weakness in guaranteeing the implementation of laws and the lack of coordination between the responsible institutions are among the most important obstacles to the protection of public rights in this field. Legal logic requires that in order to guarantee the fundamental rights of the public, there is a necessary balance between legal rules and deterrent criminal reactions. To deal with this crisis, in addition to strengthening the criminal approach based on the principle of general sovereignty over natural resources, the active participation of civil society in monitoring the implementation of laws and reporting environmental violations, and creating transparent and efficient monitoring mechanisms, we need comprehensive and integrated policies that Consider the social, economic and environmental aspects of the problem at the same time.